L’idea che la migrazione dall’Africa sia segnata dalla disperazione o da condizioni di emergenza è dura a morire. Spezzare la concezione etnocentrica che impone un immaginario fatto di miseria e persecuzioni nei confronti di chi vuole venire a vivere in Italia è sicuramente uno dei grandi dilemmi che accompagnano le politiche migratorie, ancora “fuori fase” rispetto alla realtà del fenomeno.
Eppure, come suggerisce la teoria della Gestalt, a volte basterebbe allargare l’attenzione e cogliere aspetti del quadro che, se visti, ci restituiscono un immagine ben diversa. La migrazione è, infatti, un fenomeno estremamente complesso ed eterogeneo, nonostante esso ci venga sistematicamente restituito in modo appiattito e semplicistico. Al suo interno possiamo cogliere protagonisti, popoli, comunità, gruppi etnici, categorie sociali, e soprattutto persone molto diverse tra loro, ognuna con la propria storia e le proprie domande. E’ all’intero di tale universo composito che è possibile isolare (per quanto ogni isola sia sempre legata alle altre) una categoria di persone che rappresenta una sfida per le politiche dei governi al livello transnazionale: quella dell’emigrazione studentesca internazionale.
In questo articolo non si approfondiranno le dinamiche migratorie dentro “Schengen”, ma tra l’Europa e l’Africa. Nel farlo tratteremo l’emigrazione dall’Africa dell’Ovest, prendendo come esempio il Togo. Si farà riferimento ad alcune osservazioni e dati relativi a una ricerca (qui il link dell’articolo relativo allo studio) che ebbi la possibilità di compiere in Togo nel 2012, e ai costanti scambi che intrattengo con alcuni giovani togolesi e una scuola d’italiano sita a Lomè. Saranno inoltre citate alcune ricerche che hanno indagato l’esperienza universitaria dei giovani emigranti in Italia.
Il fenomeno dell’emigrazione studentesca africana nel mondo, in Europa e in Italia
Oggi uno studente internazionale su dieci nel mondo è africano (Unesco), e nel mondo, l’emigrazione africana è quella numericamente prevalente ed è spesso indirizzata verso i paesi ex-coloniali (Kishun, 2006; Unesco Institute for Statistics, 2006a, b). Sempre più numerosi sono i giovani che rimangono in Africa a studiare. Nell’ultimo decennio, nel continente sono emerse tre hub fondamentali: il Sudafrica per gli studenti anglofoni, il Marocco per i francofoni, e l’Angola per gli studenti provenienti dalle nazioni di lingua portoghese. Il Marocco è luogo di studio per circa 7.000 studenti stranieri, ma è anche la nazione che registra il più alto numero di giovani espatriati per frequentare l’università, il 10,5% del totale; i marocchini vanno principalmente in Francia, meta scelta soprattutto dai paesi del Maghreb e dall’Africa subsahariana francofona. Solo il 2,6% degli africani che studiano in Francia non provengono da nazioni di lingua francese. La loro scelta ricade invece su Stati Uniti, Germania, Malesia.
Secondo una ricerca compiuta dall’Università di Padova, gli studenti africani che studiano a Padova appartengono, perlopiù, a quell’insieme che Mandrilly (2007) denomina “studenti individuali” o “privati”, vale a dire studenti che si sono mossi verso Padova per iniziativa personale, e non perché spinti dalla necessità di un rifugio politico. Inoltre, i laureati erano, per oltre un terzo, già laureati nel paese d’origine. Il background familiare dei laureati africani è diverso da quello dei pari italiani. La percentuale di padri in posizione lavorativa alta (dirigente, funzionario direttivo, quadro) è, infatti, nettamente più alta nel sottogruppo africano (28,6% vs 14,0%). La possibilità di studiare in Italia è dunque stata favorita dal titolo di studio elevato dei genitori (la percentuale di studenti africani con almeno un genitore laureato è il 30,8%) e dalla correlata disponibilità economica della famiglia.
Venire a studiare in Italia: l’esempio del Togo
Partire non equivale solo a cercare condizioni economiche migliori. Ciò di cui si parla ancora poco è quella che Ernest, durante la mia ricerca, definì “miseria mentale”: quel particolare stato mentale che pone l’individuo in una condizione di passività, di disperazione, di incorporata impossibilità di disegnare un orizzonte di crescita esistenziale. È a tal proposito che alcuni studiosi hanno parlato di “nostalgia del futuro”, al fine di indicare la mancanza di prospettiva di milioni di giovani a cui è sottratta barbaramente una delle qualità su cui dovrebbe poggiare la dignità umana: la libertà di sognare, di progettare, di crescere.
Ad oggi, chiunque voglia trasferirsi in Italia dal Togo per motivi di studio ha l’obbligo di:
- seguire un corso di cultura e lingua italiana;
- compiere un’intervista con il console in cui si accertino le motivazioni del viaggio, la conoscenza della lingua e della cultura italiana;
- possedere un conto in banca di almeno 6000 euro, soldi che servono per il mantenimento degli studi e della vita in Italia;
- la prescrizione al corso di laurea;
- altri documenti attestanti la posizione economica della famiglia.
Per capire quali sono requisiti di accesso, La Farnesina ha delineato le condizioni nel suo sito.
Sembrerebbe tutto lineare e chiaro. Tuttavia, come spesso accade, vi è un enorme divario tra ciò che è normato dalla legge e ciò che corrisponde all’effettiva possibilità d’ingresso. Amaramente, dobbiamo constatare che ogni anno centinaia di progetti accademici di giovani studenti e studentesse che hanno i requisiti necessari sono risucchiati alll’interno del caos burocratico segnato da ambiguità e chiusure. Sono infatti moltissimi, possiamo dire la maggior parte, i dinieghi del visto senza motivi apparentemente fondati. È il caso di J., uno studente togolese che ho conosciuto personalmente nel 2012 durante la mia permanenza in Togo, e che ho scelto di sostenere nella costruzione del suo percorso di studi. La notizia del diniego del visto, giunta nei giorni scorsi, ci ha lasciati perplessi, tristi, arrabbiati. Aver investito due anni della sua vita, possedere le condizioni economiche richieste, le conoscenze linguistiche/culturali e i requisiti documentali non è bastato.
Il diritto allo studio, che anima così tanto i programmi del MIUR cade, nei fatti, in un vuoto moralismo. Come ricordava Gino Strada, “I diritti degli uomini devono essere di tutti gli uomini, proprio di tutti, sennò chiamateli privilegi“. Per la maggior parte degli studenti africani studiare è davvero, ancora, un diritto negato.
…..continua qui
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