Per comprendere le ragioni che muovono una rivoluzione, nel caso di specie l’adattamento della capacità computazionale del digitale alle strutture sociali, occorre possedere dapprima gli strumenti che fungono da chiave di lettura e per farlo non si può che rimandare alla storia.
Chi siamo? Dove siamo? Con chi siamo? Queste sono le domande che hanno spinto Luciano Floridi (1964), figura autorevole della filosofia contemporanea, ad intraprendere un percorso che avrebbe innovato l’intero pensiero, tracciando un quadro concettuale nuovo, interessandosi al tema dell’informatica, elaborando una nuova filosofia dell’informazione. Il suo progetto è fondato sulla realizzazione di un nuovo modello filosofico. Una filosofia che si riconfiguri costantemente e che riesca ad assumere una validità universale.

Fulcro di questo progetto è il concetto di informazione, che assume un nuovo volto. Ed è su tale assunto che vediamo radicarsi la sua teoria dell’Etica dell’Informazione.
Questo suo lavoro si inserisce in un contesto culturale segnato da quella che storicamente può definirsi la “quarta rivoluzione scientifica”, che ha visto modificare la concezione del sé nel mondo e che ha avuto come protagonista l’informazione.
Brevemente ricordiamo le quattro rivoluzioni scientifiche.
Per secoli abbiamo creduto di essere collocati da un Creatore al centro del tutto, finché nel 1543 Copernico con la sua cosmologia eliocentrica, avviò la prima grande rivoluzione nel modo di comprendere noi stessi.

La seconda grande rivoluzione scientifica si affermò secoli dopo con Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882), quando mostrò che ogni essere vivente è il frutto di un’evoluzione nel tempo rispondendo ad un processo di “selezione naturale”, paragonando l’uomo ad ogni altra specie, facendogli perdere così quel senso di privilegio e supremazia genetica.
Riuscivamo a pensare, nonostante non fossimo più al centro del tutto e del regno animale, di mantenere padronanza delle nostre capacità di autoriflessione cosciente, attraverso la filosofia cartesiana. A spezzare questa illusione fu Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939), sostenendo che la mente umana è divisa tra inconscio/conscio, gettando così le radici per una terza rivoluzione scientifica.
Infine, la quarta rivoluzione, che stiamo vivendo come protagonisti, aveva già messo le sue radici con Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662), nel documento “La macchina aritmetica”, uno strumento capace di calcoli aritmetici, chiamata oggi Pascalina e con Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679), nel suo celebre lavoro “Leviatano”, in cui sostenne che il ragionamento è puro calcolo, addizione e sottrazione di termini.
Tutto ciò, divenne chiaro solo con Alan Turing (1912 – 1954), uno dei padri della quarta rivoluzione, costruttore della prima macchina intelligente (computer), capace di processare informazioni. L’uomo ha perso definitivamente il suo ruolo di unico organismo informazionale.

Tra i celebri personaggi, che occorre menzionare per il forte contributo storico a questa nuova rivoluzione, ricordiamo Norbert Wiener (1894 – 1964), fondatore della cibernetica, tra i primi responsabili dello sviluppo della teoria dell’informazione. Durante il secondo conflitto mondiale, infatti, quest’ultimo ebbe il compito di progettare cannoni antiaerei muniti di radar per tracciarne la traiettoria, inventando computer elettronici capaci di compiere calcoli e predizioni. Fu in quel momento che Wiener ritenne che in futuro, macchine cibernetiche sarebbero state adottate con scopi eterogenei. Vi sarebbe stata un’età dell’automatismo con conseguenze notevoli dal punto di vista sociale ed etico.
Nel corso dei suoi studi Wiener elaborò un nuovo ruolo dell’informazione accostandola all’entropia, o meglio, l’entropia venne considerata come la quantità d’informazione contenuta in ogni messaggio che andrà perduta con i cambiamenti fisici, per poi definirsi in seguito “informazione di Shannon” – da nome del fondatore Claude Shannon (1916 – 2001) – che scoprì una nuova elaborazione matematica, considerando ogni informazione un flusso di materia-energia, non solo processi fisici destinati ad estinguersi.
Ogni essere vivente è un oggetto informazionale, portatore di un insieme di “informazioni di Shannon”. La sua natura di ente informazionale innesca un meccanismo di adattamento nell’ambiente circostante che non è altro che il prodotto di un complesso meccanismo di processazione, che secondo Wiener implica la piena realizzazione del sé.
Percepire, organizzare, decidere, scegliere ecc. sono tutte attività che determinano la capacità di adattarsi all’ambiente circostante nonostante i mutamenti, nonché riflesso di un’intelligenza intrinseca. Fu quando apparvero le prime macchine capaci di adottare decisioni, sostituendosi al giudizio umano, che Wiener espresse la sua preoccupazione, non potendo trasferire il senso di responsabilità su oggetti inanimati.
Wiener nonostante morì prima dell’invenzione di Internet, riuscì nella sua lungimiranza a considerare profili che oggi risultano essere temi cruciali. Sapeva bene che una comunicazione a distanza avrebbe avvicinato le persone creando una società virtuale, ma nessuna risposta era in grado di definire la forma che avrebbe assunto questa nuova realtà.
La filosofia di Luciano Floridi, interessandosi dell’informatica, non ha trascurato i profili etici che si pongono sul tema dell’informazione, essendo entrati a far parte in quella che può essere definita “era iperstorica”.
La storia è sinonimo di età dell’informazione. L’uomo ha conosciuto diversi modelli di informazione, permettendo di lasciare alle generazioni future attraverso la scrittura, la stampa, i documenti, tracce che offrono la possibilità di migliorare le future tecniche. Oggi attraverso l’informatica, le ICT (Information and Communications Technology, ossia le Tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione) costituiscono la condizione essenziale per promuovere il benessere sociale.

Nell’iperstoria un tema cruciale da affrontare è il fenomeno definito “Big Data”. Ogni giorno con la diffusione di Internet viene prodotta una ingente quantità di informazione da non renderne possibile la gestione. In “La quarta rivoluzione. Come l’infosfera sta trasformando il mondo”, Floridi sostiene che nasce così l’esigenza di trovare una soluzione a quello che potrebbe essere definito un problema di potenza intellettiva. La soluzione al problema epistemologico, secondo il padre della filosofia dell’informazione non risiede nel come utilizzare i dati e quanti ne esistano, ma sapere chi siamo e cosa stiamo cercando per migliorare.
Nel prossimo articolo parleremo di esperienza “Onlife” e società virtuale.
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